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The custom effect you ll create for the terrain uses a technique named normal mapping, which increases the visual details of the terrain, without adding extra triangles. Before you can start coding the normal mapping technique, every mesh s vertex must have tangent, binormal, and normal vectors. While the normal vector of a vertex is perpendicular to the terrain in that vertex, the tangent and binormal vectors touch (but not intersect!) the terrain in that vertex. The tangent, binormal, and normal vectors are also perpendicular to each other, and they form what is called the tangent base. Figure 11-6 illustrates the tangent, binormal, and normal vectors for different points of two different surfaces.

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@Transactional public class TimesheetServiceImpl implements TimesheetService { private TimesheetDao timesheetDao; private EmailDao emailDao; // ... service methods omitted ... public void updateTimesheet(final Timesheet timesheet) { timesheetDao.update(timesheet); emailDao.sendTimesheetUpdate(timesheet); }

You can calculate the tangent vector of each vertex in the vertex grid: it s the vector that starts at one vertex and ends in the next vertex of the grid. This way, the tangent vector is oriented with the grid s x axis. Note that the tangent vector of the last vertex in a line on the grid is calculated as a vector that starts in the penultimate vertex of the line and ends in the last vertex. Since all three vectors need to be perpendicular to each other, you can obtain the binormal vector using a cross product between the vertices tangent and normal. Figure 11-7 shows the tangent, binormal, and normal vectors of a flat grid of vertices.

Figure 11-7. Tangent, binormal, and normal vectors of some vertices in a flat grid Use the following code for the GenerateTerrainTangentBinormal method to calculate the vertices tangent and binormal vectors: public void GenerateTerrainTangentBinormal( VertexPositionNormalTangentBinormal[] vertices, int[] indices) { for (int i = 0; i < vertexCountZ; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < vertexCountX; j++) { int vertexIndex = j + i * vertexCountX; Vector3 v1 = vertices[vertexIndex].Position; // Calculate the tangent vector if (j < vertexCountX - 1) { Vector3 v2 = vertices[vertexIndex + 1].Position; vertices[vertexIndex].Tangent = (v2 - v1); } // Special case: last vertex of the plane in the X axis

@Required public void setEmailDao(EmailDao emailDao) { this.emailDao = emailDao; } @Required public void setTimesheetDao(final TimesheetDao timesheetDao) { this.timesheetDao = timesheetDao; } } The updateTimesheet service method shown in Listing 5-2 demonstrates the fundamental difference between the service layer and the data access layer. The method draws on two quite distinct DAO mechanisms in order to embody some business logic. In this case, when a timesheet is updated, its details should be sent by e-mail to the administrative user. The service layer does not necessarily restrict itself to aggregating data access functionality. Services can embody any functionality at the business level. Although in practice the service methods often do correspond to data access mechanisms, they can also perform calculations, and sort and collate information provided to them.

else { Vector3 v2 = vertices[vertexIndex - 1].Position; vertices[vertexIndex].Tangent = (v1 - v2); } // Calculate binormal as a cross product (Tangent x Normal) vertices[vertexIndex].Tangent.Normalize(); vertices[vertexIndex].Binormal = Vector3.Cross( vertices[vertexIndex].Tangent, vertices[vertexIndex].Normal); } } }

Because the service layer is the point at which multiple data sources are often bound together, this is also the point at which we will usually want to mark transactional boundaries. Consider the updateTimesheet method in Listing 5-2. Here we perform two quite distinct operations: updating a timesheet in the database and sending an e-mail to the administrative user. Although the implementations are completely distinct, we potentially have a problem: if one of the methods fails for some reason, we cannot permit the other to proceed. If the DAO method to update the timesheet fails, we are in the clear; any exception thrown by the DAO will propagate up to us and prevent the e-mail method from commencing. The reverse is not true, however. If the attempt to queue the e-mail fails (if the SMTP server is temporarily unavailable, for example), we will not find this out until after the database update has completed. Reversing the order of the method invocations just reverses the order of the problem and solves nothing. The solution of course is to make the method transactional, and in practice this is the behavior we want for all of the methods in the timesheet service. Invoking any method should begin a transaction. If the method call completes successfully, we will want to commit the transaction, but if the method throws an exception, we will want to roll back the transaction.